This is a diachronic study on extinction cause and time of ‘하이다’ causative and passive verb of ‘하다’. The verb ‘하다’ is used very productively not only as a main verb but also as an affix deriving state verbs and even action verbs, accounting ...
This is a diachronic study on extinction cause and time of ‘하이다’ causative and passive verb of ‘하다’. The verb ‘하다’ is used very productively not only as a main verb but also as an affix deriving state verbs and even action verbs, accounting for significant part of functionality in Korean language. ‘하다’ does not have causative and passive form in modern Korean language but it used to appear in Middle Korean as ‘하이다’. Considering that ‘하이다’ would be useful in various ways if it had existed, this study tried to find why and when this word started disappearing from the linguistic history.
There are researches that have discovered ‘하이다,’ a causative form of ‘하다,' in ancient Korean language. Even collected data for this study show that classic novels in the beginning of 20th century used this forms. Based on the facts, it might be inferred that this form had been used from the ancient period to the beginning of 20th century. However, when taking account of that all the documents found in the beginning of the 20th century are classic novels, the actual extinction time is reasoned to be the end of 19th century.
Then, why did ‘하이다’ fade away? To resolve the question, this study searched 154 kinds of documents in total from 15th century through the beginning of 20th century. During the procedure, numerous sentences having ‘하이다’ as a causative and passive form of ‘하다’ were found. Based on that, it could be inferred that confusion in usage of ‘하이다’ was result of phonological phenomena rather than that back then people could not tell causative and principal, and active and passive forms.
According to the findings, documents in 15th century have no ‘하이-’ as causative and passive form, but ‘해-’ form only. It indicates that at that time, they preferred to use diphthong-abbreviated ‘해-’ than 2 syllable-word ‘이-’ as causative and passive form of ‘해다.’ This phenomena might have been result of feature of linguistic economy.
From the 16th century, ‘해-' became less used. Instead, ‘해이-’, ‘해오-’ and‘해이’ had been used as causative and passive form more commonly. It seems to be part of effort to tell a new form '해야’ and causative verb ‘해야’ because 'ㅣ' regressive reassimilation started being applied to the main verb ‘하야’ and they happened to look same. That is to say, causative and passive ‘해-' started being written in two syllables like ‘하이-’ or having two suffixes like ‘해이-’, ‘해오-’ in order to tell the causative and passive form from the new ‘해-', 'ㅣ' regressive reassimilation of ‘하야'.
It had continued through 17th and 18th centuries and confusion in principal and causative forms of ‘해-’ had also remained in many documents. Such disorder dropped down significantly at the end of 18th century and confusion between causative and principal forms, and active and passive forms are rarely shown only in few sentences. At the end of 18th century and 19th century, the causative form had been expressed as ‘하이-’ mostly but its meaning had shrunken to 'serve at government position'. Finally, in classic novels published in the beginning of 20th century, it got to be used only as 'serve at government position.'
In conclusion, the extinction cause of '하이다’ verb is considered to be confusion of ‘하이다’ caused by conflicting desires between linguistic economy and correct expression of causative and passive forms. Because of the confusion, the causative and passive verb of ‘하다’ had lost its productivity which used to appear in various contexts, and ended up with the single meaning of ‘serve at government position’ in 19th century. Besides, as the social environment for the language had changed along with the collapse of Josun Dynasty, ‘하이다’ had no choice eventually but to step back from the linguistic history.