This study researches how the 1938-1939 German Expedition to Tibet was performed and what its results were. In order to understand it better, it is necessary to view briefly its background. Since the english philologist Sir William Jones suggested i ...
This study researches how the 1938-1939 German Expedition to Tibet was performed and what its results were. In order to understand it better, it is necessary to view briefly its background. Since the english philologist Sir William Jones suggested in the 18th century that the Sanskrit, an ancient indian language, hat a common root with Greek, Latin and further with German language, the Germans were interested in the Sanskrit and indian culture, religions and people. And as it was known that the Sanskrit word ‘Aryans’ meant ‘noble people’ in India and Iran, they were fascinated by this word and tried to investigate who really the ancient Aryans were and where they were from. The Germans wanted to believe that the old ‘Aryans’ should be their ancestors and formalized the presumption that the origin area of the speakers of a proto-european language should be the original homeland (also ‘Urheimat’ in German language) of the Germans. Since then a lot of German scholars began to assume the right homeland and debate about it. Some scholars suggested that the north west district of India, e.g. Punjab or Kashmir as the cradle of Aryan culture, and some others insisted that the district from Pamir to Hindukush mountains are the homeland of Aryan people. There were also scholars who believed that the homeland of the Aryans are Armenia or the west districts of central Asia, or the Wolga river valley in Russia.
In the middle of the 19th centry, Arthur de Gobineau, the French scholar supposed in his ‘Essay on the Inequality of the Human Race’ that ‘Aryan’ corresponded to the suggested prehistoric Indo-European culture. And he believed that there were three basic races, namely white, yellow and black, and that the white race was superior to other races. Further he insisted that the Northern European ‘Aryans’ had remained “racially pure” and so they were the ideal “master race” to which the Germans also belong. By the end of the 19th century many linguists and anthropologists argued that the ‘Aryans’ had originated somewhere in northern Europe, perhaps in Scandinavia and might be identified by the Nordic characteristics of blond hair, blue eyes and tall stature.
These various theories about the ‘Aryans’ and their homeland were mixed or in conflict with each other. But with the time there emerged the theory of ‘Arian supremacy’ and it developed into the racism. In the era of the German Nazi regime these theories were ardently accepted by the Nazi leaders such as Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler. Hitler was formerly influenced by the ‘Lebensraum’(living space) theory of the german scholar Ratzel. Ratzel argued that the development of a people into a society was primarily influenced by their geographic situation, and that a society who want to be successfully adapted to one geographic territory should expand the boundaries of their nation into another territory. And according to him Germany should acquire overseas colonies to which surplus Germans might be able to emigrate.
K. Haushofer who served as the Geopolitician in the Nazi regime was a close person to Hitler. Haushofer was also a persuasive advocate of the theory of living space that had been a prominent strand of German imperial ideology since the end of the 19th century. Haushofer developed Geopolitik and infuenced the policy of Hitler and advised him to take an expension policy of the military forces. The German should recolonize the Slav lands and reunite the ethnic German populations of eastern Europe and Russia. Moreover he introduced the theories of the Thule society to the nazi leaders. According to it the mythical land of Hyperborea-Thule, which might be identified today with Iceland and Greenland, was the remnants of so called lost kingdom of ‘Atlantis’ and the descendants of the inhabitants of this land, who were the people of Thule had survived to become a subterranean super-race. This race should be ‘Aryans’ and they might live nowadays in the underground of Tibet. And the place might be the kingdom of ‘Agharta’ with high civilization and secret super power ‘vril’.
H. Himmler, who was a very powerful SS leader in the Nazi regime, was deeply influenced by such theories and believed in the racial superiority of the 'Aryan' people and their origin. He ordered in 1935 to organize ‘SS Ahnenerbe’(SS Ancestral Heritage Society) as an institute under SS in order to investigate the german prehistory and evacuate the archeological remains. Further he sent the ‘German Tibet-Expedition Ernst Schaefer’ in April 1938. The ostensible primary aim of this expedition was an “holistic creation of a complete biological record of Tibet alongside a synthesis of inter-relating natural sciences with regard to geography, cartography, geology, earth magnetics, climate, plants, animals and mankind.” The expedition was performed from May 1938 to August 1939, led by German zoologist and SS officer Ernst Schäfer. Schäfer himself had already travelled through parts of Asia, mainly India and China, and he was well aware of these districts. But the expedition group had difficulties with the visa issuance because of the obstructive behavior of the British authorities in India. In those days not only India was colonized by the British Empire, but also Tibet was indirectly reigned by the Empire. Therefore it was not easy for the group to enter the Tibet territory, so that they got first the entry visa into Sikkim, the small country southeast of Tibet, and from there they travelled through the vallies of the Himalayan mountains heading north to Tibet. They finally arrived in Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet in January 1939 and returned to Germany at the End of August of the same year. They were welcome everywhere in Tibet and provided with all lots of things they needed for their trip and sojourn. In Lhasa itself, the Tibet authorities and also the regent of the country welcomed them. The group got into close touch with government officials and other people who were in position to help them in performing their aims there. The official aims of the expedition were the research on the landforms, climate, geography, and culture of the country. But it is presumed that one of the expedition's real purposes was to determine whether Tibet was the cradle of the "Aryan race", and to take cranial measurements and to make facial casts of local people by anthropologist Bruno Beger. And Schäfer, who was formerly influenced by the ‘Lebensraum’ theory and was eager to find out the possibilities of the realization of the theory. He was busy with collecting religious and other important texts of the country including alleged documents regarding the ‘Aryan’ race. The group was permitted to photograph and film the region. They spent two months in Lhasa, collecting information on agriculture, culture, and religion and undertook research in the Tibetan mountains. The Germans collected thousands of artifacts, a huge quantity of plants, in particular hundreds of varieties of barley, wheat, oats, including live specimens. But it is presumed that the chief task of the expedition was of a political and military nature rather than the solution of scientific questions. It was more important for them to investigate the possibility of establishing the region of Tibetan and german soldiers in order to attack the British troops in India. Further the expedition's aims was to prepare maps and survey passes so that, if necessary, Tibet might be a staging ground for guerrilla assaults on British India. This assumption may be verified by the fact that after returning of the expedition group to Germany, Schäfer had a meeting with H. Himmler in which they discussed the plans to launch another expedition to Tibet in the next year. The idea was to win Tibet over to the German side and make it a partner land for the advantage of Germany. But this project never took off, partly because of the disapproval of A. Hitler and partly because of the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1943, Schäfer was given instead his own institute within the ‘Ahnenerbe’. with the name of ‘the Sven Hedin Institute for Inner Asian Research’ after a Swedish explorer who visited Tibet in 1907 and was welcome as a nationalsocialist by Adolf Hitler in Germany. In 1943 Schäfer also let release the film ’Geheimnis Tibet’(Secret of Tibet) which was put together from the various scenes from Tibet. It premiered on January 16 in Munich. But H. Himmler was originally against the release of this film, because he had wanted to keep the process and the contents of the Tibet expedition for his own interest. Beger worked from 1943 at the Auschwitz detention centre to provide the Nazi physician with a selection of diverse ethnic types from Auschwitz in order to serve notorious racial experiments.
H. Himmler was the chief of SS and GESTAPO(the secret state police) and had a lot of reliable information sources in and out of the land. Therefore he was well aware of the fact, that, in case Germany starts a war, there was no chance that Germany would win. But he was not in position to keep Hitler, the number one of the Nazi state, from doing it. So Himmler might have begun to seek his own way in another direction to realize his dream, the “Great German kingdom.” He knew the importance of Asia and selected Tibet as a territory that might be useful for the future of Germany.
But in the different way from the Schäfer expedition to Tibet in 1938, another expedition group, namely the group of the ‘Nanga Parbat Expedition’ was sent in April 1939 to the Kashimir district northwest of India. The expedition lasted until August 1939. Hitler seems to have engaged himself in this project and met personally the men of the group who climbed Eiger mountain in Switzerland in 1938 and returned to Germany. In May 1939, Heinrich Harrer, the author of the autobiography <Beyond the Seven Years in Tibet>(1952) which made him world-famous, was selected by the German Himalayan Foundation to take part in this expedition under the leadership of P. Aufschnaiter. The aim of the this expedition was proclaimed officially as a mountaineering expedition, namly the expedition to the Nanga Parbat, one of the highest mountains which lies at the west end of Himalayan mountains(nowadays in Pakistan). Their goal was to climb the Nanga Parbat mountain, but it was not realized. In August 1939, the group left for Karachi, where they waited for a vessel which was supposed to recover them. But the group were captured by British troops in India and jailed in a camp. Harrer and Aufschnaiter escaped, and although they were later recaptured, they escaped again. They met lots of difficulties in wandering through the Himlayan mountains but they arrived in Tibet in May 17, 1944, and ant the end Harrer was introduced to the 14th Dalai Lama. He become intimate with the young Dalai Lama, advised him in many ways and informed him of the European culture. Harrer remained in Tibet until 1951 and left the land, while Aufschnaiter remained there to work further as an advisor and technician for Tibet. At that time the Second World War had already ended and there were no more Nazi regime or Hitler. And the real aim of the expedition, namly of that Hitler was never revealed in details after the war. But it might be presumed that Hitler who never had been a real occultist but a sincere realist had wanted to seek proper routes and informations around the western Himalayan district which was not far from India and from Central Asia which was then the colony of Soviet Union. Hitler must have wanted to hold Russia, and when necessary also British India, in check. But in the end both of the two expeditions, one to Tibet and the other to Nanga Parbat, had no success because of the dual and vague policies of Hitler toward Britain and Russia. Hitler showed a favorable attitude to the Britain as an Aryan race, but as he started the war, Britain turned back to Germany and declared war against it, too. And Hitler attacked in 1941 also Russia with the so called ‘Operation Barbarossa’, which sank Germany into a pit and Germany failed the war and collapsed at the end.
When reviewed, the original interest and eager of German scholars for the Aryan language, culture and people of ancient times was of gut intention. But as it was involved later in Nazi policies, it was spoiled quickly in the theory of racial superiority of the ‘Aryan’ people. The Nazi leaders Hitler and Himmler were also interested in the theory, but they misunderstood not only the real value of theory but also the culture and people of the Asian lands where the ancient Aryans might have immigrated from. They only wanted to take political and strategic advantages from the lands and so dispatched the expedition groups which had to end in failure.
I hope that this study would help people who are engaged in other academic areas too, including scholars and politicians that are interested in the Eurasian situations and politics. I will also make efforts to continue my study in the future. And at the university where I have been lecturing German culture since many years, I would further inform my students who are also very much interested in the German history and culture and extend their attention and knowledge. When I had opportunity, I would let publish this theme as a book also for normal readers.